Class 11 Chapters
22 chaptersThe Living World
Chapter 1 introduces the defining characteristics of living organisms, the concept of biodiversity, and the to...
Biological Classification
Chapter 2 covers Whittaker's five-kingdom system and the detailed characteristics of all five kingdoms: Monera...
Plant Kingdom
Plant Kingdom covers the classification of all plant groups from primitive algae to advanced angiosperms. High...
Animal Kingdom
Animal Kingdom is a high-weightage NEET chapter requiring memorisation of all major phyla from Porifera to Cho...
Morphology of Flowering Plants
One of the highest-weightage NEET chapters. Covers external form of all organs of angiosperms — roots, stems, ...
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Anatomy of Flowering Plants covers internal structures seen in transverse sections of roots, stems, and leaves...
Structural Organisation in Animals
This chapter covers the four types of animal tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, neural) and the morpho...
Cell: The Unit of Life
Cell theory, ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the detailed structure and function of AL...
Biomolecules
Chemistry of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and enzymes. Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis-Menten), ...
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
The cell cycle controls cell growth and division. Mitosis (equational division) preserves chromosome number; m...
Transport in Plants
Transport in plants involves water/mineral uptake (xylem) and sugar translocation (phloem). Water potential, t...
Mineral Nutrition
Essential mineral elements (17 total: 9 macronutrients + 8 micronutrients), their functions and deficiency sym...
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy via light reactions (Z-scheme in thylakoids) and dark ...
Respiration in Plants
Cellular respiration converts stored energy (glucose) to ATP via glycolysis (cytoplasm) → pyruvate oxidation →...
Plant Growth and Development
Plants exhibit both intrinsic (genetic programme) and extrinsic (environment) growth regulation via five major...
Digestion and Absorption
Chapter 16 covers the complete digestive system — from the structure of the alimentary canal and accessory gla...
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Chapter 17 covers the mechanics of pulmonary ventilation, lung volumes measured by spirometry, the mechanism o...
Body Fluids and Circulation
This chapter covers the composition of blood and lymph, ABO and Rh blood group systems, the cardiac cycle (wit...
Excretory Products and their Elimination
Chapter 19 covers the structure of the human excretory system (kidney, nephron, JGA, ureters, urinary bladder)...
Locomotion and Movement
Chapter 20 covers muscle types (skeletal, smooth, cardiac), the ultra-structure of skeletal muscle (sarcomere)...
Neural Control and Coordination
Chapter 21 covers the neuron structure and function, generation and conduction of nerve impulses (resting/acti...
Chemical Coordination and Integration
Chapter 22 covers the endocrine system — the major endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, go...
Class 12 Chapters
16 chaptersThe Living World
The opening chapter of Class 12 Biology covers modes of reproduction in unicellular and multicellular organism...
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
One of the highest-weightage Class 12 Biology chapters. Covers stamen and pistil anatomy, microsporogenesis (p...
Human Reproduction
Chapter 3 of Class 12 Biology covers the male and female reproductive anatomy, spermatogenesis and oogenesis (...
Reproductive Health
Reproductive health covers contraception methods and mechanisms, STIs (sexually transmitted infections), infer...
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
This chapter covers Mendel's laws (segregation, independent assortment), deviations from Mendelian ratios (inc...
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Molecular basis of heredity: DNA structure (double helix details), DNA replication (semi-conservative, all enz...
Evolution
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life on Earth through changes in allele frequencies over generat...
Human Health and Disease
This high-weightage chapter covers infectious diseases (bacterial, viral, protozoan, helminthic, fungal), the ...
Biomolecules
Plant breeding (hybridisation, mutation breeding, polyploidy), tissue culture and somatic hybridisation, biofo...
Microbes in Human Welfare
Applications of microbes in food, industry, medicine, sewage treatment, biogas, and agriculture. NEET tests: a...
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA): restriction enzymes, vectors, gene cloning in bacteria. Also: PCR, gel elec...
Biotechnology and its Applications
Applications of rDNA technology in medicine (insulin, gene therapy, diagnostics), agriculture (Bt cotton, herb...
Organisms and Populations
Ecology of individuals (abiotic factors, adaptations) and populations (attributes, growth models, biotic inter...
Ecosystem
Ecosystem structure (biotic + abiotic), productivity (GPP, NPP), energy flow (Lindeman's 10% law), food chains...
Biodiversity and Conservation
Three levels of biodiversity, global and Indian patterns, causes of biodiversity loss (HIPPO), and conservatio...
Digestion and Absorption
Air, water, and soil pollution, their causes, effects, and remediation. Also ozone depletion, global warming, ...
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